Math  /  Data & Statistics

Question1. What is the difference between independent and dependent events?
2. List examples of the following types of events. (a) Two events that are independent (b) Two events that are dependent

True or False? In Exercises 3 and 4 , determine whether the statement is true 0 false. If it is false, rewrite it as a true statement.
3. If two events are not independent, P(AB)=P(B)P(A \mid B)=P(B).
4. If events AA and BB are dependent, then P(AP(A and B)=P(A)PB)\left.B)=P(A) \cdot P^{\prime} B\right).

Classifying Events In Exercises 5-8, decide whether the events are independent or dependent. Explain your reasoning.
5. Selecting a king from a standard deck, replacing it, and then selecting a queen from the deck
6. Rerurning a rented movie after the due date and receiving a late fee
7. Rolling a six-sided die and then rolling the die a second time so that the sum of the two rolls is seven
8. A numbered ball between 1 and 52 is selected from a bin, replaced, and then a second numbered ball is selected from the bin. Classifying Events Based on Studies In Exerciser 9-12, identify the two evenis described in the study. Do the results indicate that the events are independent or dependent? Explain your reasoning.
9. Researchers found that people with depression are five times more likely to have a breathing-related sleep disorder than people who are not depressed.
10. Stress causes the body to produce higher amounts of acid, which can irritate already existing ulcers. But, stress does not cause stomach ulcers. (Source: Aaplor College of Wredicine)
11. Studies found that Aspartame, an artificial sweetener, does not cause memory loss. (Source forad and Drug Adominismation)
12. Acoording to researchers, diabetes is rare in societies in which obesity is rare. In societies in which obesity has been common for at least 20 years, diabetes is also common. (Sowree Ameriom Diaberes Astocianion)

Studdy Solution

STEP 1

1. Independent events do not affect each other's probabilities.
2. Dependent events have probabilities that are influenced by each other.
3. The probability notation P(AB) P(A \mid B) represents the probability of event A A given event B B .

STEP 2

1. Define independent and dependent events.
2. Provide examples of independent and dependent events.
3. Evaluate the truth of given statements.
4. Classify events as independent or dependent based on scenarios.
5. Analyze studies to determine event independence or dependence.

STEP 3

Define independent and dependent events: - Independent events: The occurrence of one event does not affect the probability of the other event occurring. Mathematically, events A A and B B are independent if P(AB)=P(A)P(B) P(A \cap B) = P(A) \cdot P(B) . - Dependent events: The occurrence of one event affects the probability of the other event occurring. Mathematically, events A A and B B are dependent if P(AB)P(A)P(B) P(A \cap B) \neq P(A) \cdot P(B) .

STEP 4

(a) Examples of independent events: - Flipping a coin and rolling a die. The result of the coin flip does not affect the die roll. - Drawing a card from a deck, replacing it, and then drawing another card. The replacement ensures independence.
(b) Examples of dependent events: - Drawing a card from a deck and then drawing another card without replacement. The first draw affects the second. - Choosing a cookie from a jar and then choosing another without replacing the first. The first choice affects the second.

STEP 5

Evaluate the truth of the statements:
3. False. If two events are not independent, P(AB)P(B) P(A \mid B) \neq P(B) . A true statement is: If two events are not independent, P(AB)P(A) P(A \mid B) \neq P(A) .
4. False. If events A A and B B are dependent, then P(A and B)P(A)P(B) P(A \text{ and } B) \neq P(A) \cdot P(B) . A true statement is: If events A A and B B are dependent, then P(A and B)=P(A)P(BA) P(A \text{ and } B) = P(A) \cdot P(B \mid A) .

STEP 6

Classify events as independent or dependent:
5. Independent. Replacing the card ensures the probability of drawing a queen is unaffected by the first draw.
6. Dependent. Returning a movie late directly causes a late fee.
7. Dependent. The outcome of the first roll affects the possible outcomes of the second roll to sum to seven.
8. Independent. Replacing the ball ensures the probability of selecting any ball remains unchanged.

STEP 7

Analyze studies for event independence or dependence:
9. Dependent. The likelihood of having a breathing-related sleep disorder is affected by depression.
10. Dependent. Stress affects the amount of acid produced, impacting existing ulcers.
11. Independent. Aspartame does not affect memory loss.
12. Dependent. The prevalence of diabetes is influenced by the prevalence of obesity.

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